Essay on Social Construction of Child and Childhood

Social construction of child and childhood To start with an overview of social constructionism in very general terms leads to build understandings of child and childhood in a social world more explicitly. Notion of social construction is defined in diverse disciplines and instead of generating a description there are a number of thoughts. â€Å"It is sometimes called a movement, at other times a position, a theory, a theoretical orientation, an approach; psychologists remain unsure of its status (Stam 2001, p. 294)†. Vivien (1995, p. 10) points the origin of social constructionism stems from two to three hundred years ago in the period of enlightenment, modernism and postmodernism. By all means, Berger and Luckmann’ (1966) book The Social†¦show more content†¦Having said that though, it does not require generalisation gender in this context, this example is used for have a clue in this basic sequence. Together with some limitations which will be discussed in following parts, social constructionism shoul d be considered to understand relations in social world. It is safe to assume that social constructionism is the one of the core idea for define child, the substantial part of this social world. It is generally reported that the definition of child categorizes a group of people according to age as in Convention Article 1 declared: For the purposes of the present Convention, a child means every human being below the age of 18 years unless under the law applicable to the child majority is attained earlier. However, UNICEF answered question of age range by saying there are some circumstances which can change benchmark ages namely the age for admission into employment, obligatory education. In other words according to countries age range is changeable and it can be varying. The question of those variations evokes the socially constructed of child and childhood. First time Arià ©s (1962) illuminated childhood in the context of social construction with his research from the Middle Ages onwards (James James 2004). At beginning of his book he exemplified this by asking the age of one child can be answered easily but other child in the African bush does not know their age as a tang ible concept. It hasShow MoreRelatedSocial Construction of Childhood Essay1286 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction Social constructionism gives meaning to phenomenon in social context and connections between culture and society build up realities in their circumstances. The studies of this idea have been conducted more than thirty years by a number of North American, British and continental writers (Burr, 1995). However, in childhood studies this notion appears later on. It is mostly held universally, childhood is a stage that biologically existing in human life in early years. It should be consideredRead MoreAssess the Sociological Explanation That Childhood Is a Social Construction.1499 Words   |  6 Pagesexplanation that childhood is a social construction. Childhood is the time of a person’s life when they are a child. Childhood is said to be socially constructed, meaning that it has not been influenced by nature but has been shaped by the quality of family life and the culture within society. The social construction of childhood points out that childhood is dependent on a number of social factors rather than a biological stage. Sociologists argue about what the term ‘childhood’ actually means. TheyRead MoreHow Childhood Has Changed over the Centuries1220 Words   |  5 Pagesideas about childhood over the centuries, there are several points of discussion that arise. Many ideas surrounding the change and evolved over the centuries, ideas such as the views towards education and the impact of the industrial revolution on westerns societies views towards childhood, due to the limited space, this essay will focus on two underlying issues which have contributed greatly to the changing ideas about childhood over the cent uries, which are; the recognition of childhood and innocenceRead MoreTo What Extent Can Childhood Be Considered a Social Construction?1489 Words   |  6 Pageswhat extent can childhood be considered a social construction? This essay will analyse the major experiences by which childhood is constructed: one determined by the society and the other examined personally. Following this approach will be explained socially constructed childhood that asserts children’s attitudes, expectations and understandings that are defined by a certain society or culture. Furthermore various aspects of childhoods will be taken into account in relation to social, economic, historicalRead MoreSocial Construction Of Childhood Essay770 Words   |  4 Pagesmeaning of social construction of childhood. I am very familiar with the history of psychology and children’s literature. My grandmother used to live with us when I was a young, and she told me many stories of the past. For this reason, I am able to link the materials I study to the real world. The social construction of childhood is somehow new to me. Especially the way Postman (1999) expresses social construction of childhood. For example, he stated,  "In the twentieth century, childhood began toRead MoreChildren Are Wearing Christmas Hats And Doing Cooking797 Words   |  4 Pagesactive learners and their childhood seems colourful as they are given opportunity to experience different activities such as cooking. The potential purpose of the representation is that children are competent and active learners and they enjoy activities include cooking. The conception of the child as competent and active learners is a generally believed image. Early childhood education philosophies, practices, and policies have strongly implicated this view of childhood so that children are givenRead MoreThe Un Convention On The Rights Of Children789 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION The UN Convention on the Rights of children defines a child as â€Å"everyone under the age of 18 years, unless under the law applicable to the child majority is attained. The UK has a number of laws protecting children and guaranteeing them basic rights The changing ideas about children have led many scientists to claim that childhood is a social construction. The scientists use this term to mean that â€Å"understandings of childhood are not the same everywhere and that while all societies acknowledgeRead MoreAssess the view that the position of childhood in society has improved851 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Childhood is a social construction, as it is not natural, and is a result of society identifying and labelling a phase of life. No child experiences exactly the same childhood at exactly the same period of time in their life. In turn childhood should be distinguished from biological life stages. How we treat children, expect them to behave, look and develop all vary depending on the time and place in which the society lies, therefore childhood is a social construction. One view sociologists takeRead MoreCo Constructive Environments Create Learning Opportunities For Children927 Words   |  4 Pageslearning opportunities for children. The learning strategy of co-construction is an extension of the philosophy of constructivism that maintains interpretation is required to â€Å"make meaning† of the world (Schwandt, as cited in MacNaughton Williams, 2009). The early childhood setting often bases their program on the developmental play curriculum as this relates to Piaget’s theory of children’s cognition. This approach is about the child constructing their own knowledge of the environment through interactionsRead MoreRedefining Theories : The Importance Of The New Paradigm858 Words   |  4 PagesParadigm† has moved away from the view of children as passive recipients and adult becomings. Instead, it has progressed towards seeing them as competent social actors and human beings who are able to think for themselves while bei ng influenced by their community and environment (McNamee, 2015). It showcases new views and theories on how childhood should be studied and acknowledged going forward. This sociological shift occurred in response to the 3 other dominant sociological perspectives; romanticism

Antisocial personality disorder therapy/treatment paper Free Essays

According to Hare and Hart (2005) Antisocial personality disorder is one of the mental disorders which constitute a large segment of mental disorder patents. This disorder begins right from childhood and continues through adolescent to adulthood.   The main feature of the disorder as outlined by the American Psychiatric Association is continuous disregard and violation of other rights with deceit and manipulation seen as key features of the disorder. We will write a custom essay sample on Antisocial personality disorder: therapy/treatment paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the diagnoses of the disorder, it is usually considered accurate to take diagnostic materials from others and not specifically from the individual themselves. Individual with this disorder may exhibit symptoms ranging from lying and stealing, difficulties in obeying the law, violation of rights or others, abuse of substance, aggressive behavior and involvement in fights, lack of remorse, and many others. The disorder is also referred to as sociopathic personality disorder. In this paper we are going to explore the different therapies or treatment that have been done or continue to be done regarding the disorder. Symptoms and diagnosis There are many theories that try to explain the cause of this disorder but prominent genetics and environment factor have been used to explain the occurrence of the disease. The genetic theory asserts that the disease can be passed on from parents to children. It is a part of the nature and nurture debate. Environmental factors including the patterns of relationship are related to be a leading cause of the disorder. Other theories suggest abnormalities in the development of the nervous system while another theory assert that people with this disorder have a higher sensory input for normal functioning of the brain. These theories attribute the cause to brain functions. According to the DSM-IV criteria diagnoses of the disorder requires presence of three or more of the following symptoms:  · Lack of conformation with respect to the social norms and laws with repeating acts leading to arrests  · Deceit with repeated lying, aliases, conning just for personal pleasure or profit  ·Ã‚   Impulsivity  ·Ã‚   Irritability and aggressive behavior resulting in increased physical fights  ·Ã‚   Disregarding safety for others and for self  ·Ã‚   Irresponsibility and lack of consistent work behavior  · Un-remorsefulness resulting to indifferent rationalizing, mistreatment of others According to the National Comorbidity Survey, it has been documented that using DSM-IV criteria, the disorder is prevalent in about 3% of males and about 1% of females.   However the prevalence has been found higher in some populations like prisoners including non-violent offenders and in substance abuse rehabilitation centers. Although most of the diagnoses have been found in adulthood, there are three critical tools or markers which can be used to assess children with the disorder. They include bedwetting, abusing animals and pyromania. Case study For his entire life, john has been incapable of loving which means he has never loved anyone including himself. His childhood proved to be less ideal than others and his poor background could have given way to his current unhealthy emotions. However John is John and a John of many faces. He is a brilliant and manipulative John who is able to simulate and emulate love when he needs it and when he doesn’t need it s. He will act very loving but which should not be in any way confused with real love. This is when John wants to achieve something, money, food, adoration, and many others.   One the target avails his goal they are usually abandoned callously, in a cruel manner and abruptly. In man instances, there are many people who have found themselves an admirable stop over for John. They will supply all what he needs to move a step ahead to gain what he wants.   In other words, they are a source of narcissistic supply including adoration, submissive, approval, admiration, and others. John will use foul language when venting his aggression. When John is not in need, he will not contact anyone not even his girlfriend. John will not bother doing anything for other people so long as he is not benefiting from its.   John is simply suffering from antisocial personality disorder How to cite Antisocial personality disorder: therapy/treatment paper, Papers

The Journey of Youth Comparative free essay sample

The Journey of Youth For most adults childhood evokes varying degrees of nostalgia as we reflect on our memories largely shaped by experience, some positive others negative. While our stories are varied the sights and scents that fill our youth can at a moments notice flood back when we detect a hauntingly familiar aroma. For Rohinton Mistry and Moses Milstein, the sights, sounds and scents of their childhood provide tapestry kaleidoscope of stereotypes and social prejudices which influence their perspectives as adults. Memories of Montreal and Richness by Moses Milstein exposes the unique cultural osaic of 1950s Montreal from the perspective of a 7 year old Austrian Jew. Now a father living in Vancouver, Moses laments his decision to raise his son in homogenous West Vancouver where the unremarkable streets and pedestrian existence envelope everyday living in rhododendrons and cherry blossoms. (Milstein 150). Moses compares his sons uneventful walk to school with his as a young boy navigating the streets of Montreal. During the short two block walk to the Jewish Peretz School, Moses is immersed in a menagerie of stores, merchants and everyday activities that seems harsh by contrast yet a source of great admiration to the writer. The corners of our street, like every street then, were held by the four corner stores. The one we used, the Jewish store, ( ) . Around the corner was Wing Ling, the Chinese Laundry, like all Chinese laundries painted green on the outside (.. Ђ Next to the laundry, across the alley, which ran like a sparkling river of broken glass and urine produced by the hordes of feral cats, giant rats and stumbling drunks who waded therein, was the Jewish Tailor. (Milstein 150) The Jewish Tailor, like every Jewish family he knew, had been touched by the holocaust. His father was a tailor so he felt an affinity for the tailor and his wife as they had been in DP camps during the war. He spoke of the sadness he felt walking by their house. His recollections of the tailor illustrated the cultural legacy of deep sorrow Jews felt in the years following the war. The deli offered one of several delicious urban smells emitted from the various shops along his route. The bakery, tavern, fruit stores and the fabulous Rachel Market where French farmers, some even able to speak Yiddish, displayed their produce. Just below the Rachel Market the horrific slaughterhouse a subterranean chamber of eath (Milstein 1 51) ended the life of many a chicken leaving a stench of singed feathers. These sights and scents greeted him on his walk to school where he was educated in Yiddish, spoke English but lived in a French neighborhood. This neighborhood left is clear that he reveres these experiences and as remorseful his son does not have this type of experience. Lend Me Your Light is Rohinton Mistry tale of his older brother Percy and his friend Jamshed, illustrating the social differences of the caste system between Jamshed and Percys who both live in the Firozsha Baag neighborhood of Bombay. Set in the early 1960s when it was culturally acceptable to refer to lower castes as ghatisl and before But the good old days, when you could scream at a ghaton, kick her and hurl her down the steps, and expect her to show up for work the next morning, had definitely passed. (Mistry 155) 1 Hindi slang used to denote an uncultured and ignorant person. We find traditional tiffin(2) carriers skillfully navigating the school compound with their long rickety tin-filled crates, delivering lunches from around the city. The food contained within these tins fill the air with a stench that seemed to permeate the uildings and linger. Rohinton recalls eating lunch in the drill hall surrounded by the tiffins, as a very unpleasant experience. 2) Tiffin carriers or dabbas are a kind of lunch box used widely in India for tiffin meals In contrast Percys friend Jamshed was Just one of 400 boys who enjoyed his lunch in the air conditioned luxury of a chauffeured car dispatched daily from his luxury family home in Malabar Hill. Not only did Jamshed enjoy his daily meal in comfort but he was driven to and from school which contrasted with Rohintons Journey from Firozsha Baag travelling by foot and bus. Following each visit with Jamshed Percys mother would curiously interrogate him about their activities. On one occasion Rohinton overheard that Jamshed had recently received the original soundtrack of My Fair Lady and he asked his mother to negotiate so he could accompany Percy to listen to it. On the visit Rohinton learned that Jamshed did not like India and wanted to leave. Rohinton and Percys parents shared many of Jamsheds views on India and lack of opportunity with the flood of ghatis. (Mistry 156) While Moses speaks to cultural diversity and stereotypes he found in Montreal you ave a sense he enjoyed and cherished his childhood. So much so that he laments that his son does not have the same opportunity. He illustrates this by talking about various store and shop owners which seem very positivecherishing the differences. In contrast, Bombay of Rohintons childhood details the poor life conditions of many, discrimination through the caste system, prejudices he and his family had and how that influenced his eventual immigration to Canada. Most of the illustrations Rohinton provides of his neighborhood are negative, except for those describing Jamshed, whom he admired.

Human Growth And Development Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis

Human Growth And Development Human Growth and Development 1. abusive relationship: when one partner in a relationship becomes violent or aggressive toward the other. 2. accommodation: according to Piaget, changing existing knowledge based on new knowledge. 3. achievement status: identity status in which adolescents have explored alternative identities and are now secure in their chosen identities. 4. active euthanasia: deliberate ending of someone's life. 5. activities of daily living (ADL's): self-care tasks such as eating, bathing, toileting, walking, or dressing. 6. activity: dimension of temperament defined by the tempo and vigor of a child's activity. 7. adaptation level: area where environmental press is average for a particular level of competence. 8. addiction: physical dependence on a particular substance, such as alcohol. 9. adolescent egocentrism: self-absorption that is characteristic of teenagers as they search for identity. 10. aerobic exercise: exercise that places a moderate on the heart by maintaining a pulse rate between 60% and 90% of the maximum heart rate. 11. age discrimination: denying a job or promotion to someone solely on the basis of their age. 12. age integrated housing: where people of all ages live together and interact. 13. age of viability: age at which a fetus can survive because most of its bodily systems function adequately; typically at seven months after conception. 14. age-segregated housing: where all residents are of the same age. 15. agreeableness: dimension of personality associated with being accepting, willing to work with others, and caring. 16. alert inactivity: state in which a baby is calm with eyes open and attentive, and the baby seems to be deliberately inspecting the environment. 17. alienation: when workers feel that what they are doing is meaningless, that their efforts are devalued, or when they do not see the connection between what they do and the final product. 18. alleles: variations of genes. 19. altruism: pro-social behavior such as helping and sharing in which the individual does not benefit directly from his or her behavior. 20. Alzheimer's disease: disease associated with aging characterized by gradual declines in memory, learning, attention, and judgment; confusion as to time and where one is; difficulties in communicating and finding the words one wants to use; declines in personal hygiene and self-care skills; inappropriate social behavior; and changes in personality. 21. amniocentesis: prenatal diagnostic technique that involves withdrawing a sample of amniotic fluid through the abdomen using a syringe. 22. amnion: inner sac in which the developing child rests. 23. amyloid: protein that is produced in abnormally high levels in Alzheimer's disease and that may be responsible for the neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques. 24. animism: crediting inanimate objects with life and life-like properties such as feelings. 25. anniversary reaction: changes in behavior related to feelings of sadness on the actual anniversary of a death. 26. anorexia nervosa: persistent refusal to eat, accompanied by an irrational fear of being overweight. 27. anoxia: lack of oxygen during delivery, typically because the umbilical cord becomes pinched or tangled during delivery. 28. anxiety disorders: problems such as feelings of severe anxiety for no apparent reason, phobias to specific things or places, and obsessive-compulsive disorders in which thoughts or actions are repeatedly performed. 29. appraise: to evaluate a situation to determine whether it exceeds a person's resources and is, therefore, stressful. 30. assimilation: according to Piaget, taking in information that is compatible with what one already knows. 31. assortative mating: theory of mating that states that people find partners based on their similarity to each other. 32. attachment: enduring social-emotional relationship between infants and their caregivers. 33. attentional processes: processes that determine which information will be processed further by an individual. 34. authoritarian parents: parents who show high levels of control and low levels of warmth toward their children. 35. authoritative parents: parents who use a moderate amount of control and who are warm and responsive to their children. 36. autosomes: first 22 pairs of chromosomes. 37. average life expectancy: age at which half of the people born in a particular year will have died. 38. avoidant attachment: relationship in which infants turn away from their mothers when they are reunited following a brief separation. 39. axon: tube-like structure that emerges from the cell body and transmits information to other neurons. 40. babbling: speech-like sounds that consist vowel-consonant combinations. 41. basal metabolic rate: speed with which the body consumes calories. 42. basic cry: cry that starts softly and gradually becomes more intense often heard when babies are hungry or

Free Essays on Health Care

My essay will be on the topic of: Do you think the privatization of the Health care System is or will have a negative impact on the service you receive? To consider solving this growing debate one might want to turn to our neighbor to the north Canada. In Canada, health care financing, allocation, and delivery may be public, private, or a combination of both. In Canada there is a â€Å"single tier† health care system with access for everyone irrespective of ability to pay. The â€Å"privatization† of health care in many minds means an American system of health care which is a â€Å"two tier† system that offers better service for those who can pay and poorer or no service for those who cannot. Exactly what is â€Å"privatization†? That depends on which dimension of health care you look at (financing, allocation, delivery) Privatizing the financing of health services means shifting the burden of paying for health care from tax revenues to the private incomes of individuals through partial or complete payment for certain services. The privatization of allocation of health services involves using certain forms of market competition to determine what services are provided, who provides them, and at what costs. The privatization of delivery of health services means relying on individuals and organizations outside of government both non-profit and for profit to provide the services. The important question is not whether something is public or private, but rather how the arrangement of public or private financing, allocation, and delivery affects costs of care, access to care, accountability for care, and quality of care. The private/public balance in health care is particularly of concern to seniors, because they are more likely to need health care then any other group. The provisions of community-based services by private for-profit agencies are a cause for concern. Under the Reagan Administration, a review of the privatization of public ag... Free Essays on Health Care Free Essays on Health Care My essay will be on the topic of: Do you think the privatization of the Health care System is or will have a negative impact on the service you receive? To consider solving this growing debate one might want to turn to our neighbor to the north Canada. In Canada, health care financing, allocation, and delivery may be public, private, or a combination of both. In Canada there is a â€Å"single tier† health care system with access for everyone irrespective of ability to pay. The â€Å"privatization† of health care in many minds means an American system of health care which is a â€Å"two tier† system that offers better service for those who can pay and poorer or no service for those who cannot. Exactly what is â€Å"privatization†? That depends on which dimension of health care you look at (financing, allocation, delivery) Privatizing the financing of health services means shifting the burden of paying for health care from tax revenues to the private incomes of individuals through partial or complete payment for certain services. The privatization of allocation of health services involves using certain forms of market competition to determine what services are provided, who provides them, and at what costs. The privatization of delivery of health services means relying on individuals and organizations outside of government both non-profit and for profit to provide the services. The important question is not whether something is public or private, but rather how the arrangement of public or private financing, allocation, and delivery affects costs of care, access to care, accountability for care, and quality of care. The private/public balance in health care is particularly of concern to seniors, because they are more likely to need health care then any other group. The provisions of community-based services by private for-profit agencies are a cause for concern. Under the Reagan Administration, a review of the privatization of public ag... Free Essays on Health Care Managed Health Care Of the approximately 257.8 million individuals currently living in the United States of America, every one of them has a need for effective, affordable and accessible health care coverage and services. Within the past thirty to forty years, the scope and cost of health care coverage and services has drastically changed, altering the manner in which health care was previously managed. There are several factors that have affected the cost of health care coverage over the course of the past two to three decades. One of these factors is the introduction and rapidly increasing enrollment in managed health care insurance plans. Managed care health insurance plans can, in most cases, help to alleviate the rising costs of effective medical coverage. Another important factor that has affected health care costs is the invention and implementation of new medical technologies. As prominent researchers and economic analysts have discovered, there is a distinct and direct correlat! ion between advancing medical technologies and rising health care costs. Medical innovation has been proven time and again to be an important determinant of health care cost growth. It would appear that managed care health insurance plans, which attempt to lower health care costs, and highly expensive new medical innovations and procedures are at cross purposes, pulling against one another in very different directions. Market-level comparisons have found the cost growth of health care in markets with greater managed care penetration to be generally slower than that of non-managed care health insurance markets. However, managed care is unlikely to prevent the share of gross domestic product spent on health care from rising unless the cost-increasing nature of new medical technologies changes. Managed care health insurance plans differ greatly from indemnity fee-for-service, or FFS, insurance plans. Since the early 1970's, r...

Atrial fibrillation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Atrial fibrillation - Essay Example Often characterized by atrial dilatation and the shortening of the atrial ERP, the presence of atrial fibrosis and its structural remodeling changes the normal electrical refractoriness and contractile function of the heart by making the intra-cardiac pressure increase (University of Toronto; Allessie, Boyden and Camm). Because of atrial dilatation, heart-related diseases like hypertension, vulvar heart disease, and congestive heart failure occurs. Individuals who are at risk of AF include those who are more than 65 years of age, individuals with myocardial infarction, and individuals who received cardiothoracic surgery (Allessie, Boyden and Camm). Hypertension, ischemic or non-ischemic heart diseases, and mitral or tricuspid valvular disorders, hyperthyroidism, and alcohol drinking are among the most common factors that could trigger AF whereas atrial septal, congenital heart failure, pulmonary embolism, COPD, myocarditis, and pericarditis are among the less common factors that could trigger AF (Mitchell). Aside from a rapid ventricular response or arrhythmias, patients with mild AF may experience dizziness, dyspnea, diaphoresis, fatigue, and palpitation whereas patients with severe AF may experience chest pain, pulmonary edema, or syncope (Dresing and Schweikert). Using surgical intervention, AV node radiofrequency ablation, control of rhythm using cardioversion or AF substrate ablation, treatments for AF focuses on thromboembolism prevention, rhythm control, and ventricular rate control (Mitchell). Likewise, it is possible to use antiarrhythmic medications such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor to prevent stress by lowering the atrial pressure when administered to patients (Dresing and Schweikert; University of Toronto). Aside from showing irregular R-R intervals, the ECG of patients with AF is characterized with irregular timing in fibrillatory waves of QRS aside from the absence of P waves (Mitchell). (See

Gravess Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 36

Gravess Disease - Essay Example This paper outlines that the patient is related to a family with a history on autoimmune diseases. There are many ways to treat Graves’s disease but in this case, Radioiodine has been found to be safe and efficient. It involves use of iodine radioactive isotopes to induce hypothyroidism which is easy and cheap to treat. The second case study showed that, endocrine glands that are likely to cause symptoms portrayed by the patient are adrenal glands, kidney, liver, or ovaries. There are also a number of hormones involved: the first one is androgen that is responsible for growth of hair below the abdomen and on thighs, but at higher concentration cause growth in other body parts such as the face in this case. The second one is Cortisol hormone that control metabolism in the liver and muscle fats that led to fatigue and injury of capillaries walls which explain the abdominal pains. The other involved hormones are aldosterone and steroid hormones. Adrenal diseases are associated wi th adrenal gland problems which may be either primary or secondary. The main different on the two is the impact on the body functions. A primary gland problem exists when only the gland is affected while a Secondary gland problem affect other body organs such as the liver or the heart. Alterations of these hormones are mostly caused by adrenal insufficiency or high blood pressure. As the discussion declares the patient in the third case study could be diagnosed with hyponatremia characterized by the low serum sodium, unconsciousness, and muscle weakness. Low sodium test would be caused by atrial tension from increase of pressure on central nerve stimulating production of atrial natriuretic peptide which hinders reabsorption of Na+ back into the blood stream. However, normality in potassium levels, Cl- levels and HCO3 levels on lab results shows that the patient was undiagnosed for some years.