Role of agriculture

Horticulture is the prevailing action of poor nations, for example, Zimbabwe, which upgrade our comprehension of the dualistic. In the enhancement of agribusiness in monetary turn of events, a main inquiry is the means by which horticulture adds to financial development and there is by all accounts a Catch 22 in the job of farming in financial turn of events. A notable business analyst Simon Kuznets assumed a basic job in concocting the jobs of farming to monetary turn of events; these grasp work commitment, outside trade commitment and the market contribution.The agrarian division has protected its situation in the commitment to Zimbabwe’s financial development as observed by its considerable commitment to the national Gross Domestic Product. For instance, it has been prominent that the farming area has made a persuading commitment to the national fiscus which was upset by untrustworthy precipitation designs which hit a few pieces of the nation in the last season. Likewise, a gribusiness has kept up post position as far as its contribution to economy’s development, having contributed 33, 9 percent to the country’s Gross Domestic Product in year 2010.Labour commitment, as one of the significant full scale financial destinations of any legislature to decrease joblessness, farming assumes a trifling job in monetary advancement through the exchange of work from the agrarian area to different segments of the economy, especially to the mechanical part. In Zimbabwe farming segment specifies salary and business not a long way from 60% to 70% of the absolute populace, thusly horticulture is for sure an economy’s hamburger in Zimbabwe.Simon Kuznets likewise stressed that the negligible profitability of work is zero or near zero, which implies that when the peripheral efficiency of work is zero, we can utilize the accessible work that is from rural area without influencing different parts of the economy, which at that point advantage the econom y overall. Outside trade commitment, in spite of the measurement that Zimbabwe is as of now utilizing the multicurrency framework, in this way it despite everything requests remote cash so as to import capital from other countries.The exportation of horticultural stocks can asset the economy with remote trade for acquisition of capital merchandise. In Zimbabwe the vast majority of our fare income exude from the farming division with a contribution of about 40% of our complete fare profit. The significant supporters of the farming division in Zimbabwe’s send out are money yields, for example, tobacco and cotton, however cotton was not selling for this year’s reap. Industrialization commitment, an enormous and aggregate fragment of financial development during the procedure of improvement can be able to agriculture’s commitment to agribusiness.These endeavors of the rural division arrangement the creation, promoting and retailing of staple, attire, drinks and othe r related merchandise for both local utilization and fares. As per Davis and Goldberg (1957), along these lines essential farming develops and advances, reflecting agribusinesses, while agribusinesses develop and advance reflecting essential horticulture. Additionally arrangement of crude materials to businesses by the farming area directs the pace of imports of a nation, in this manner may accordingly prompt parity of installment excess of a country.In option this decreases the general creation expenses of a firm therefore reasonable and moderate costs are charged, consequently expanding the interest for that specific item which will authorize makers to build their degree of yield to satisfy the current need, henceforth monetary development. Food commitment, since food is a major compensation great in a creating economy, broadening of the economy is accordingly dependent upon residential food makers delivering an overflow, in overabundance of their own resource, which is sufficient ly enormous to take care of a developing number of non-food producers.The horticultural segment factors in with a critical job in the gracefully of crude material to the food makers of the economy. Market commitment, the agrarian part, in view of its sheer size, should at first be the significant market for residential modern items. Farmers’ consumptions on mechanical merchandise that are both shopper merchandise and maker merchandise, speak to one part of agriculture’s advertise commitment to general financial development.According to Milton and Luther (1964), as farmers’ acquisition of modern products have their partner in between sectorial deals of rural products; the rural sector’s showcase commitment likewise incorporates the offer of food or other ranch items to the non-agrarian segment, being quickened by the selection of new rural innovation. The job of creation linkages to the procedure of industrialization. Creation linkages channels the impact of a self-ruling increment in conclusive interest of the item for the given business, not just on the yield of that industry and the business supplyingit with inputs, yet in addition on yield of other industry providing the second business with inputs. Creation linkages can be, in reverse or forward linkages. By and large, creation linkages measure how a few enterprises are associated together. Where destitution is a significantly rustic wonder, which has all the earmarks of being the situation in most low-salary nations, industrialization factors through crude materials to agro-preparing businesses for instance food handling enterprises and textile.According to Alderman(1984),agro-handling industry can be characterized, â€Å"as a subgroup of the assembling area that forms crude materials and delegate items got from the farming sector†, for instance ranger service and agrarian yields. The establishing of certain essential preparing ventures can prompt forward linkages, which is the proportion of moderate yield deals to different businesses to a creation segment of industry to the all out estimation of deals to a last consumer.Backward linkages, measure the proportion of middle of the road input buys from different enterprises in that industry to the all out estimation of the all out creation yield. For instance the metals and electrical part gives a strong in reverse linkage to agrarian, mining and development segments, accordingly expanding the general yield of a nation and thus this will build the country’s Gross Domestic Product, therefore financial growth.In end, agribusiness is in fact imperative to monetary turn of events and furthermore creation linkages to industrialisation assume a unimportant job. Anyway land change likewise assumes a critical job to monetary advancement through advancing value, work creation, showcase excess and efficiency. College OF ZIMBABWE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS INFORMATION LITERACY SKILLS NAME FARAI MPOFU REG# R117753A COURSE ECON 211 YEAR 2012 QUESTION How might you assess web data sources giving models.

Final Project, Healthy Eating, Nutrition, and Exercise Plan Essay

In my first report I showed my age 42 years of age, my weight was 165 pounds and tallness 5’6†. My day by day practice was riding bicycle between 6 to 8 miles every day for 3 days during the week for a sum of 350 minutes of Physical Activity. Week one multi day examination for breakfast I had some espresso with seasoned cream with sandwich or oats, for lunch I had sandwich or warmed food from earlier day, nibble I had wheat cake, natural products or chips and for supper; Latin food, burger or pasta, don’t drink soda pops, however drink Lipton Iced Tea and water. (Matta) (2012). In light of the first report I was over in quite a while on vegetables, natural products, dairy, protein nourishments, oils I was under; void calories I was under with 280 calories, all out calories normal was 1785 status and sodium was high on every one of the 3 days. (SuperTracker) (n. d. ). After the principal report I attempted to changed some dietary patterns estimating the measure of food; grain, pasta, rice and beans in cups, steaks and fish cut in 4 ounces, drink more water and less mixed beverages and increment my every day practice including two days of strolling 3 miles for each day expanding my week by week Physical Activity to 630 minutes. Matta) (2013). The most recent report from January second through January fourth, all the nutrition types where under my vacant calories was lower then the first at 208 and my normal all out calories was lower at 1292 normal for every day except my sodium limit is still high. The aftereffect of this adjustment is my present load at 155 pounds and drop from a 36†³ midriff size to a 34†³. In light of Food Tracker my day by day calorie limit recompense is 2400 and at any rate 150 minutes out of each seven day stretch of physical movement. I am under the remittance of calories and over my physical movement every week. (SuperTracker) (n. d. ). Last Project, Healthy Eating, Nutrition, and Exercise Plan After assessing both investigation I have understood that my test is sodium, I don’t utilize salt however a portion of the food I devour are high on sodium. Colorado State University demonstrates that sodium is found in many procedure nourishments to protect or season them; sodium has a significant job keeping up water balance inside the cells and in the capacity of the two driving forces and muscle however devouring overabundance sodium may prompt edema or water maintenance, hypertension and in Women might be at higher hazard for creating osteoporosis regardless of whether calcium admission is sufficient. Colorado State University) (n. d. ). In my family our clinical history is hypertension my Mother, Brother and I have this condition. The American Heart Association shows that hypertension can be acquired by one of the two guardians on the off chance that they have a background marked by the condition, advance age can build up a higher hazard, sex related hazard design, absence of physical movement, overweight, corpulence, toasting a lot of liquor and Poor eating routine, particularly one that incorporates an excessive amount of salt other potential elements could be pressure, smoking, recycled smoke and rest apnea. (American Heart Association) (2012). The impacts of having hypertension are, a stroke it can cause a break or debilitated vein which the cerebrum can drain, it is a central point in coronary failures the corridors brings oxygen-conveying blood to the heart muscle if the heart doesn’t get the best possible oxygen, blood stream is obstructed a heart join can happen, Kidney harm in after some time the hypertension can limit or thicken the veins of the Kidney this we bring about sifting less liquids and waste develop in the blood the outcome can be dialysis or kidney transplant and Arteries, the courses in the mind, heart and kidney solidifies making each of the three to work more diligently. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute) (n. d. ). Last Project, Healthy Eating, Nutrition, and Exercise Plan I trust I have a decent eating regimen devouring my complete calories for day, the measure of food and exercise yet as referenced before sodium is my test. My activity plan will be connected with sodium and how to monitor hypertension, the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute give me a few hints on the most proficient method to lessen sodium in my eating routine, purchase new, plain solidified, or canned vegetable with no salt included, utilize new poultry, fish, and lean meat rather then canned or procedure types, use herbs, flavors and sans salt flavoring mixes in cooking, cut back in plate of mixed greens dressing, flush can food, for example, fish to expel sodium and pick prepared to have breakfast oats lower in sodium. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute) (n. d. ). With these tips my activity arranged is to purchase less process nourishments, utilize increasingly white meat rather than red and devour it in modest quantities, use less dressing or supplant it with olive oil and balsamic vinegar in limited quantities and expended progressively salt free items for practice my arrangement will be equivalent to I have in present time, I will ride my bicycle 3 days per week between 6 to 8 miles and walk 2 days every week 3 miles for every day this arrangement will keep my body dynamic and sound. Matta) (2013), All activity plans have a lot of mishaps a portion of the foreseen misfortunes for both food and exercise; for food is the measure of time that I need to go to the market and purchase the items referenced above, I have an extremely dynamic way of life family, work, study, and exercise; time is exceptionally constrained, this is the reason we go to an eatery, purchase process food or can food without perusing the names an arrangement that I will actualize with my better half is to go the main day of the month and go to the supermarket and flexibly our self with the vital sound nourishment for the whole month and go once per week to recharge whatever we need; for practice my difficulty is more the capacity to keep roused and time to beat this I will probably keep my image of my Final Project, Healthy Eating, Nutrition, and Exercise Plan Daughter and I in the entryway cooler when I was overweight, this image is the reason I chose to do work out, free weight and keep it off. (Matta) (2013). One apparatus I gained from our group is Super Tracker since I found out about this site I have use it since and I will continue utilizing it until I need to enroll once more, Super Tracker gives me proposal and measure the result of my activity plan in addition to doing my yearly test with the Doctor for my hypertension and wellbeing. On the off chance that I keep my activity plan in politeness the outcome will be a positive one solid body and psyche yet If don’t follow my activity plan the wellbeing hazard factor will be a negative one I can put on weight and hypertension which can make a stroke or coronary failure or even most exceedingly awful demise. (Matta) (2013). Colorado State University demonstrates as we age it is critical to eat more calcium, iron protein Vitamins A, C and flacon; diminish calories chose supplement thick nourishments and appreciate littler parts of food sources high in fat, sugar and sodium. (Colorado State University) (n. d. ). As I age I will adhere to my primary care physicians guidance and instruct myself and change dependent on the data gave eat littler part, use Vitamins and diminish any sugar and sodium from my eating routine, in view of my activity as I age my body will have less movement I will walk increasingly a bicycle ride less, in Florida the 4 seasons are fundamentally a similar decent climate however in summer the warmth is overpowering and it rains continually this could modify my physical action the alternative is to go to a rec center or my YMCA to practice inside. (Matta) (2013). Decision our body is an ideal machine made to live, serve and imitate in our reality, we are mindful in dealing with it. We ought to consistently attempt our best to eat well and keep it fit so we can live a long, sound and upbeat life.

incoming how ive been spending my iap

incoming how ive been spending my iap This past week and a half Ive been slowly adjusting to life at MIT again. I spent the two whole weeks of break just complaining about California and practically begging my mother to send me back to the cold hellhole that is Massachusetts. In this time, Ive been trying to keep myself busy and attempt to be an actual college student. I made a lot of promises in the beginning of the year that I have not kept. I said I would cook. Instead, Ive been mooching off of Raymond and Aiden for their cooking and practically anyone else who is willing to give me pitiful scraps here and there, like the stray rodent of Loop kitchen that vacuums trash with her mouth. I said Id be more diligent and better at coding. This is false. 6.145 is singlehandedly destroying my self esteem, and, despite enjoying liking coding and writing it out and basking in the satisfaction of finally understanding something, its been relatively disheartening watching my friends easily get solutions to problems it takes me significantly much more time to figure out. Regardless, Ive been keeping busy with my two classes and three jobs. I realize I dont really talk about my academics that much, so heres some brief insight on how things have been going. 8.01L 8.01L is the bane of my existence. Im pretty sure Im ridiculously close to NRing it. For the past semester and a half, Ive been meticulously calculating each of my grades to see what I need on each assignment to make sure I get at least a 60% in the class. This is truly PNR in action. I suggest every incoming frosh do this with their PNR classes. I am genuinely, wholly afraid that 8.01L is going to beat my ass and shred me into pieces. I am a fool who doesnt understand physics. It is terrifying. Luckily, my smart physics friends (see: Aidan and Mariia) have been helping me a lot with 8.01L. Please send me good vibes in the comments to make sure I actually pass 8.01L. 8.01L is the longer alternative to 8.01. Instead of being in TEAL format like 8.01 with teams and solving questions on the board, 8.01L features a traditional lecture style class and a slower pace. Its actually very nice and Ive learned a lot more physics in this class than I ever have in my life, I just am very bad at physics. If I were to fail 8.01L, Id have to take 8.011, a class designated for students who have taken some version of 8.01 in the past but have failed/NRd it. I honestly wouldnt mind taking it, but Id really like to get physics out of the way this year. Thus, I need to pass 8.01L so I can take 8.02 in the spring so I never, ever have to touch another physics class ever again. 6.145 This is MITs expedited version of the ever-so-famous 6.0001, commonly referred to as triple oh one. In 6.0001, students typically spend half a semester learning the basics to Python. IAP, however, offers this three week course on Python held completely online. Ive blocked out times on my schedule to dedicate time to it, however, this has not gone to plan. I am a fool who procrastinates and doesnt apportion time properly. 6.145 is fun, but also makes me Sad for reasons stated above. One day, hopefully, my smooth, small brain will develop bumps and I can evolve into the true Course 6 big brain I yearn to be. The class is held entirely online via a website they give us. When we log in, we are given readings and coding assignments due every Monday and Thursday at 5pm. Its reasonable, but Ive just asked for a lot of help. Like, a lot of help. Overall, very fun. Enjoying my time. Just struggling a tad bit. UROP I recently got a UROP at MITs Education Arcade! I think its actually the perfect combination of everything Ive wanted in a UROP. It perfectly melds my interest in video games with comparative media studies and interest in education and psychology which is really, really cool. Ive been working on doing research to help improve a study based on our VR game, Cellverse, which aims to help high school students learn the layout of a cell. This is one of the first times Ive ever actually enjoyed research. I find myself genuinely intrigued by the articles Im assigned and excited to go into my UROP every day to read. This UROP also confirmed that I am most definitely a CMS major. Id been contemplating for a bit if I wanted to do lab research for the longest time, but after getting a UROP in a lab setting, I realized that I really despised how cold it felt. There was such a distinct difference between the UROP I have now and the UROP I had before. The UROP I had before felt very detached, hours of switching between an empty cubicle and an isolated lab. The first day of my new UROP in the MIT Education Arcade, I sat down for lunch in the common area and was greeted by practically every staff member that worked on that floor. Together they talked about raising kids, playing Pokemon Go, and traveling. There was such warmth and kindness in the air that it made me feel very safe and at home. Not to mention the fact that the kitchen is always fully stacked with snacks, my two favorites being mms and dried mango slices. I love the work Im doing and honestly it doesnt even feel like work. Ive also been working on my other two jobs, a web-based research intern for the Massachusetts Science and Engineering Fair and, of course, this one. Ive been a bit blocked in terms of what to write. Right now Im trying to assemble a pageant experience post to talk about my experience as an MIT student in a pageant setting since it definitely was an experience like any other, but for now, its pretty taxing to write about especially since I have to give so much background and context. Anyway, update done. More to come~

The Life Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacobs - 858 Words

The way that Harriet Jacobs describes slavery in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl was not a surprise to me. I believed that slaves were treated poorly and often times were hurt, the way that I thought of slavery is just like it is described in the book if not worse. I will discuss what I believed slavery was like before I read the book, how slavery was according to the book using in text citations and examples and also explain my thoughts on why the treatment was not a surprise to me. From what I have learned about slavery throughout my time in school, from the time I was in Elementary school till now I have always believed that slavery was a horrible and morally wrong thing that happened commonly. I had heard many stories about slavery, especially when I was in the seventh grade. My teacher in the seventh grade, would teach us many things about slavery that really changed the way I thought about it before then. He even recommended that we read a book called Uncle Tom’s C abin, in this book the author discusses the effects of slavery and the belief that Christian love is stronger than anything and can bring people together. We were told that slaves were forced to work long hours and were malnourished due to not being fed a proper amount. Also when a slave disobeyed his master they were whipped till the master got tired of whipping the slave, and to make matters worse they would sometimes pour salt on their wounds for no reason. I was also told that on some occasionsShow MoreRelatedThe Life Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacobs1606 Words   |  7 PagesSlaves in the southern states of the United States were oppressed, beaten, and deprived of their natural human rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Which in turn caused many slaves to resist their ill fate that was decided by their masters. Through the story of â€Å"Incidents in the life of a slave girl† by Harriet Jacobs she wrote in her experience how she was resisting her maste rs and how many people helped her in her escape. And it wasn’t just black that resisted the slave systemRead MoreThe Life Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacobs1791 Words   |  8 PagesIn the slave narrative entitled Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Harriet Jacobs also known as Linda Brent, is faced with a number of decisions, brutal hardships, and internal conflicts that she must cope with as an enslaved black woman. She opens the narrative with a preface that states: â€Å"READER, be assured this narrative is no fiction. I am aware that some of my adventures may seem incredible; but they are, nevertheless, strictly true. I have not exaggerated the wrongs inflicted by Slavery†Read MoreThe Life Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacobs Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesIncidents in the life of a Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs, she talks about how her life changed while serving different and new masters and mistresses. I think that this narrative writing is an important text to help us understand the different perspectives of slavery in America. There are some slave owners that are kind and humane, and some slave owners that are cruel and abusive. Additionally, reading from a female slave’s perspectives teaches us that life on the plantations and life in the house isRead MoreThe Life Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacob Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Harriet Jacob’s writes an autobiography about the personal struggles her family, as well as women in bondage, commonly face while maturing in the Southern part of America. While young and enslaved, Harriet had learned how to read, write, sew, and taught how to perform other tasks associated with a ladies work from her first mistress. With the advantage of having a background in literacy, Harriet Jacobs later came to the realization that she wouldRead MoreThe Life Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacobs1198 Words   |  5 PagesIn her autobiography, Inci dents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Harriet Jacobs portrays her detailed life events on such an intense level. Jacobs was born in 1813 in North Carolina. She had a rough life starting at the age of six when her mother died, and soon after that everything started to go downhill, which she explains in her autobiography. Her novel was originally published in 1861, but was later reprinted in 1973 and 1987. Harriet Jacobs presents her story using numerous detailed descriptionsRead MoreThe Life Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacobs1292 Words   |  6 Pagesslavery. I chose to focus on two texts: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. In the personal narrative Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, author Harriet Jacobs depicts the various struggles she endured in the course of her life as a young female slave and, as she grew older, a runaway escaped to the â€Å"free† land of the North, referring to herself as Linda Brent. Throughout this story, Jacobs places a heavy emphasis on the ways in which Brent andRead MoreThe Life Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacobs928 Words   |  4 Pagesin the Life of a Slave Girl, Harriet Jacobs offers the audience to experience slavery through a feminist perspective. Unlike neo-slave narratives, Jacobs uses the pseudonym ‘Linda Brent’ to narrate her first-person account in order to keep her identity clandestine. Located in the Southern part of America, her incidents commence from her sheltered life as a child to her subordination to her mistress upon her mother’s death, and her continuing struggle to live a dignified and virtuous life despiteRead MoreThe Life Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacobs1335 Words   |  6 PagesHarriet Jacobs wrote Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (Incidents) to plead with free white women in the north for the abolition of slavery. She focused on highlighting characteristics that the Cult of True Womanhood and other traditional protestant Christians idolized in women, mainly piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness. Yet, by representing how each of her characters loses the ability to maintain the prescribed values, she presents the strong moral framework of the African AmericanRead MoreThe Life Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacobs1575 Words   |  7 Pagesncidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Slavery, in my eyes, is an institution that has always been ridiculed on behalf of the physical demands of the practice, but few know the extreme mental hardships that all slaves faced. In Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Harriet Jacobs writes autobiographically about her families and her personal struggles as a maturing mullatto child in the South. Throughout this engulfing memoir of Harriet Jacobs life, this brave woman tells of many trying timesRead MoreThe Life Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacob993 Words   |  4 PagesHarriet Jacob’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, depicts a personal and true account of how woman were sexually and physically abused rather than just physically abuses as that of an enslaved man. Enslaved woman struggled tremendously to not only be considered equal to man though to be seen equal pure and virtuous identical to the white women. Jacob’s female slave narrative was a special kind of autobiography, were she not only used anothe r person to represent her, however, she wanted the reader

Essay on Social Construction of Child and Childhood

Social construction of child and childhood To start with an overview of social constructionism in very general terms leads to build understandings of child and childhood in a social world more explicitly. Notion of social construction is defined in diverse disciplines and instead of generating a description there are a number of thoughts. â€Å"It is sometimes called a movement, at other times a position, a theory, a theoretical orientation, an approach; psychologists remain unsure of its status (Stam 2001, p. 294)†. Vivien (1995, p. 10) points the origin of social constructionism stems from two to three hundred years ago in the period of enlightenment, modernism and postmodernism. By all means, Berger and Luckmann’ (1966) book The Social†¦show more content†¦Having said that though, it does not require generalisation gender in this context, this example is used for have a clue in this basic sequence. Together with some limitations which will be discussed in following parts, social constructionism shoul d be considered to understand relations in social world. It is safe to assume that social constructionism is the one of the core idea for define child, the substantial part of this social world. It is generally reported that the definition of child categorizes a group of people according to age as in Convention Article 1 declared: For the purposes of the present Convention, a child means every human being below the age of 18 years unless under the law applicable to the child majority is attained earlier. However, UNICEF answered question of age range by saying there are some circumstances which can change benchmark ages namely the age for admission into employment, obligatory education. In other words according to countries age range is changeable and it can be varying. The question of those variations evokes the socially constructed of child and childhood. First time Arià ©s (1962) illuminated childhood in the context of social construction with his research from the Middle Ages onwards (James James 2004). At beginning of his book he exemplified this by asking the age of one child can be answered easily but other child in the African bush does not know their age as a tang ible concept. It hasShow MoreRelatedSocial Construction of Childhood Essay1286 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction Social constructionism gives meaning to phenomenon in social context and connections between culture and society build up realities in their circumstances. The studies of this idea have been conducted more than thirty years by a number of North American, British and continental writers (Burr, 1995). However, in childhood studies this notion appears later on. It is mostly held universally, childhood is a stage that biologically existing in human life in early years. It should be consideredRead MoreAssess the Sociological Explanation That Childhood Is a Social Construction.1499 Words   |  6 Pagesexplanation that childhood is a social construction. Childhood is the time of a person’s life when they are a child. Childhood is said to be socially constructed, meaning that it has not been influenced by nature but has been shaped by the quality of family life and the culture within society. The social construction of childhood points out that childhood is dependent on a number of social factors rather than a biological stage. Sociologists argue about what the term ‘childhood’ actually means. TheyRead MoreHow Childhood Has Changed over the Centuries1220 Words   |  5 Pagesideas about childhood over the centuries, there are several points of discussion that arise. Many ideas surrounding the change and evolved over the centuries, ideas such as the views towards education and the impact of the industrial revolution on westerns societies views towards childhood, due to the limited space, this essay will focus on two underlying issues which have contributed greatly to the changing ideas about childhood over the cent uries, which are; the recognition of childhood and innocenceRead MoreTo What Extent Can Childhood Be Considered a Social Construction?1489 Words   |  6 Pageswhat extent can childhood be considered a social construction? This essay will analyse the major experiences by which childhood is constructed: one determined by the society and the other examined personally. Following this approach will be explained socially constructed childhood that asserts children’s attitudes, expectations and understandings that are defined by a certain society or culture. Furthermore various aspects of childhoods will be taken into account in relation to social, economic, historicalRead MoreSocial Construction Of Childhood Essay770 Words   |  4 Pagesmeaning of social construction of childhood. I am very familiar with the history of psychology and children’s literature. My grandmother used to live with us when I was a young, and she told me many stories of the past. For this reason, I am able to link the materials I study to the real world. The social construction of childhood is somehow new to me. Especially the way Postman (1999) expresses social construction of childhood. For example, he stated,  "In the twentieth century, childhood began toRead MoreChildren Are Wearing Christmas Hats And Doing Cooking797 Words   |  4 Pagesactive learners and their childhood seems colourful as they are given opportunity to experience different activities such as cooking. The potential purpose of the representation is that children are competent and active learners and they enjoy activities include cooking. The conception of the child as competent and active learners is a generally believed image. Early childhood education philosophies, practices, and policies have strongly implicated this view of childhood so that children are givenRead MoreThe Un Convention On The Rights Of Children789 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION The UN Convention on the Rights of children defines a child as â€Å"everyone under the age of 18 years, unless under the law applicable to the child majority is attained. The UK has a number of laws protecting children and guaranteeing them basic rights The changing ideas about children have led many scientists to claim that childhood is a social construction. The scientists use this term to mean that â€Å"understandings of childhood are not the same everywhere and that while all societies acknowledgeRead MoreAssess the view that the position of childhood in society has improved851 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Childhood is a social construction, as it is not natural, and is a result of society identifying and labelling a phase of life. No child experiences exactly the same childhood at exactly the same period of time in their life. In turn childhood should be distinguished from biological life stages. How we treat children, expect them to behave, look and develop all vary depending on the time and place in which the society lies, therefore childhood is a social construction. One view sociologists takeRead MoreCo Constructive Environments Create Learning Opportunities For Children927 Words   |  4 Pageslearning opportunities for children. The learning strategy of co-construction is an extension of the philosophy of constructivism that maintains interpretation is required to â€Å"make meaning† of the world (Schwandt, as cited in MacNaughton Williams, 2009). The early childhood setting often bases their program on the developmental play curriculum as this relates to Piaget’s theory of children’s cognition. This approach is about the child constructing their own knowledge of the environment through interactionsRead MoreRedefining Theories : The Importance Of The New Paradigm858 Words   |  4 PagesParadigm† has moved away from the view of children as passive recipients and adult becomings. Instead, it has progressed towards seeing them as competent social actors and human beings who are able to think for themselves while bei ng influenced by their community and environment (McNamee, 2015). It showcases new views and theories on how childhood should be studied and acknowledged going forward. This sociological shift occurred in response to the 3 other dominant sociological perspectives; romanticism

Antisocial personality disorder therapy/treatment paper Free Essays

According to Hare and Hart (2005) Antisocial personality disorder is one of the mental disorders which constitute a large segment of mental disorder patents. This disorder begins right from childhood and continues through adolescent to adulthood.   The main feature of the disorder as outlined by the American Psychiatric Association is continuous disregard and violation of other rights with deceit and manipulation seen as key features of the disorder. We will write a custom essay sample on Antisocial personality disorder: therapy/treatment paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the diagnoses of the disorder, it is usually considered accurate to take diagnostic materials from others and not specifically from the individual themselves. Individual with this disorder may exhibit symptoms ranging from lying and stealing, difficulties in obeying the law, violation of rights or others, abuse of substance, aggressive behavior and involvement in fights, lack of remorse, and many others. The disorder is also referred to as sociopathic personality disorder. In this paper we are going to explore the different therapies or treatment that have been done or continue to be done regarding the disorder. Symptoms and diagnosis There are many theories that try to explain the cause of this disorder but prominent genetics and environment factor have been used to explain the occurrence of the disease. The genetic theory asserts that the disease can be passed on from parents to children. It is a part of the nature and nurture debate. Environmental factors including the patterns of relationship are related to be a leading cause of the disorder. Other theories suggest abnormalities in the development of the nervous system while another theory assert that people with this disorder have a higher sensory input for normal functioning of the brain. These theories attribute the cause to brain functions. According to the DSM-IV criteria diagnoses of the disorder requires presence of three or more of the following symptoms:  · Lack of conformation with respect to the social norms and laws with repeating acts leading to arrests  · Deceit with repeated lying, aliases, conning just for personal pleasure or profit  ·Ã‚   Impulsivity  ·Ã‚   Irritability and aggressive behavior resulting in increased physical fights  ·Ã‚   Disregarding safety for others and for self  ·Ã‚   Irresponsibility and lack of consistent work behavior  · Un-remorsefulness resulting to indifferent rationalizing, mistreatment of others According to the National Comorbidity Survey, it has been documented that using DSM-IV criteria, the disorder is prevalent in about 3% of males and about 1% of females.   However the prevalence has been found higher in some populations like prisoners including non-violent offenders and in substance abuse rehabilitation centers. Although most of the diagnoses have been found in adulthood, there are three critical tools or markers which can be used to assess children with the disorder. They include bedwetting, abusing animals and pyromania. Case study For his entire life, john has been incapable of loving which means he has never loved anyone including himself. His childhood proved to be less ideal than others and his poor background could have given way to his current unhealthy emotions. However John is John and a John of many faces. He is a brilliant and manipulative John who is able to simulate and emulate love when he needs it and when he doesn’t need it s. He will act very loving but which should not be in any way confused with real love. This is when John wants to achieve something, money, food, adoration, and many others.   One the target avails his goal they are usually abandoned callously, in a cruel manner and abruptly. In man instances, there are many people who have found themselves an admirable stop over for John. They will supply all what he needs to move a step ahead to gain what he wants.   In other words, they are a source of narcissistic supply including adoration, submissive, approval, admiration, and others. John will use foul language when venting his aggression. When John is not in need, he will not contact anyone not even his girlfriend. John will not bother doing anything for other people so long as he is not benefiting from its.   John is simply suffering from antisocial personality disorder How to cite Antisocial personality disorder: therapy/treatment paper, Papers

The Journey of Youth Comparative free essay sample

The Journey of Youth For most adults childhood evokes varying degrees of nostalgia as we reflect on our memories largely shaped by experience, some positive others negative. While our stories are varied the sights and scents that fill our youth can at a moments notice flood back when we detect a hauntingly familiar aroma. For Rohinton Mistry and Moses Milstein, the sights, sounds and scents of their childhood provide tapestry kaleidoscope of stereotypes and social prejudices which influence their perspectives as adults. Memories of Montreal and Richness by Moses Milstein exposes the unique cultural osaic of 1950s Montreal from the perspective of a 7 year old Austrian Jew. Now a father living in Vancouver, Moses laments his decision to raise his son in homogenous West Vancouver where the unremarkable streets and pedestrian existence envelope everyday living in rhododendrons and cherry blossoms. (Milstein 150). Moses compares his sons uneventful walk to school with his as a young boy navigating the streets of Montreal. During the short two block walk to the Jewish Peretz School, Moses is immersed in a menagerie of stores, merchants and everyday activities that seems harsh by contrast yet a source of great admiration to the writer. The corners of our street, like every street then, were held by the four corner stores. The one we used, the Jewish store, ( ) . Around the corner was Wing Ling, the Chinese Laundry, like all Chinese laundries painted green on the outside (.. Ђ Next to the laundry, across the alley, which ran like a sparkling river of broken glass and urine produced by the hordes of feral cats, giant rats and stumbling drunks who waded therein, was the Jewish Tailor. (Milstein 150) The Jewish Tailor, like every Jewish family he knew, had been touched by the holocaust. His father was a tailor so he felt an affinity for the tailor and his wife as they had been in DP camps during the war. He spoke of the sadness he felt walking by their house. His recollections of the tailor illustrated the cultural legacy of deep sorrow Jews felt in the years following the war. The deli offered one of several delicious urban smells emitted from the various shops along his route. The bakery, tavern, fruit stores and the fabulous Rachel Market where French farmers, some even able to speak Yiddish, displayed their produce. Just below the Rachel Market the horrific slaughterhouse a subterranean chamber of eath (Milstein 1 51) ended the life of many a chicken leaving a stench of singed feathers. These sights and scents greeted him on his walk to school where he was educated in Yiddish, spoke English but lived in a French neighborhood. This neighborhood left is clear that he reveres these experiences and as remorseful his son does not have this type of experience. Lend Me Your Light is Rohinton Mistry tale of his older brother Percy and his friend Jamshed, illustrating the social differences of the caste system between Jamshed and Percys who both live in the Firozsha Baag neighborhood of Bombay. Set in the early 1960s when it was culturally acceptable to refer to lower castes as ghatisl and before But the good old days, when you could scream at a ghaton, kick her and hurl her down the steps, and expect her to show up for work the next morning, had definitely passed. (Mistry 155) 1 Hindi slang used to denote an uncultured and ignorant person. We find traditional tiffin(2) carriers skillfully navigating the school compound with their long rickety tin-filled crates, delivering lunches from around the city. The food contained within these tins fill the air with a stench that seemed to permeate the uildings and linger. Rohinton recalls eating lunch in the drill hall surrounded by the tiffins, as a very unpleasant experience. 2) Tiffin carriers or dabbas are a kind of lunch box used widely in India for tiffin meals In contrast Percys friend Jamshed was Just one of 400 boys who enjoyed his lunch in the air conditioned luxury of a chauffeured car dispatched daily from his luxury family home in Malabar Hill. Not only did Jamshed enjoy his daily meal in comfort but he was driven to and from school which contrasted with Rohintons Journey from Firozsha Baag travelling by foot and bus. Following each visit with Jamshed Percys mother would curiously interrogate him about their activities. On one occasion Rohinton overheard that Jamshed had recently received the original soundtrack of My Fair Lady and he asked his mother to negotiate so he could accompany Percy to listen to it. On the visit Rohinton learned that Jamshed did not like India and wanted to leave. Rohinton and Percys parents shared many of Jamsheds views on India and lack of opportunity with the flood of ghatis. (Mistry 156) While Moses speaks to cultural diversity and stereotypes he found in Montreal you ave a sense he enjoyed and cherished his childhood. So much so that he laments that his son does not have the same opportunity. He illustrates this by talking about various store and shop owners which seem very positivecherishing the differences. In contrast, Bombay of Rohintons childhood details the poor life conditions of many, discrimination through the caste system, prejudices he and his family had and how that influenced his eventual immigration to Canada. Most of the illustrations Rohinton provides of his neighborhood are negative, except for those describing Jamshed, whom he admired.

Human Growth And Development Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis

Human Growth And Development Human Growth and Development 1. abusive relationship: when one partner in a relationship becomes violent or aggressive toward the other. 2. accommodation: according to Piaget, changing existing knowledge based on new knowledge. 3. achievement status: identity status in which adolescents have explored alternative identities and are now secure in their chosen identities. 4. active euthanasia: deliberate ending of someone's life. 5. activities of daily living (ADL's): self-care tasks such as eating, bathing, toileting, walking, or dressing. 6. activity: dimension of temperament defined by the tempo and vigor of a child's activity. 7. adaptation level: area where environmental press is average for a particular level of competence. 8. addiction: physical dependence on a particular substance, such as alcohol. 9. adolescent egocentrism: self-absorption that is characteristic of teenagers as they search for identity. 10. aerobic exercise: exercise that places a moderate on the heart by maintaining a pulse rate between 60% and 90% of the maximum heart rate. 11. age discrimination: denying a job or promotion to someone solely on the basis of their age. 12. age integrated housing: where people of all ages live together and interact. 13. age of viability: age at which a fetus can survive because most of its bodily systems function adequately; typically at seven months after conception. 14. age-segregated housing: where all residents are of the same age. 15. agreeableness: dimension of personality associated with being accepting, willing to work with others, and caring. 16. alert inactivity: state in which a baby is calm with eyes open and attentive, and the baby seems to be deliberately inspecting the environment. 17. alienation: when workers feel that what they are doing is meaningless, that their efforts are devalued, or when they do not see the connection between what they do and the final product. 18. alleles: variations of genes. 19. altruism: pro-social behavior such as helping and sharing in which the individual does not benefit directly from his or her behavior. 20. Alzheimer's disease: disease associated with aging characterized by gradual declines in memory, learning, attention, and judgment; confusion as to time and where one is; difficulties in communicating and finding the words one wants to use; declines in personal hygiene and self-care skills; inappropriate social behavior; and changes in personality. 21. amniocentesis: prenatal diagnostic technique that involves withdrawing a sample of amniotic fluid through the abdomen using a syringe. 22. amnion: inner sac in which the developing child rests. 23. amyloid: protein that is produced in abnormally high levels in Alzheimer's disease and that may be responsible for the neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques. 24. animism: crediting inanimate objects with life and life-like properties such as feelings. 25. anniversary reaction: changes in behavior related to feelings of sadness on the actual anniversary of a death. 26. anorexia nervosa: persistent refusal to eat, accompanied by an irrational fear of being overweight. 27. anoxia: lack of oxygen during delivery, typically because the umbilical cord becomes pinched or tangled during delivery. 28. anxiety disorders: problems such as feelings of severe anxiety for no apparent reason, phobias to specific things or places, and obsessive-compulsive disorders in which thoughts or actions are repeatedly performed. 29. appraise: to evaluate a situation to determine whether it exceeds a person's resources and is, therefore, stressful. 30. assimilation: according to Piaget, taking in information that is compatible with what one already knows. 31. assortative mating: theory of mating that states that people find partners based on their similarity to each other. 32. attachment: enduring social-emotional relationship between infants and their caregivers. 33. attentional processes: processes that determine which information will be processed further by an individual. 34. authoritarian parents: parents who show high levels of control and low levels of warmth toward their children. 35. authoritative parents: parents who use a moderate amount of control and who are warm and responsive to their children. 36. autosomes: first 22 pairs of chromosomes. 37. average life expectancy: age at which half of the people born in a particular year will have died. 38. avoidant attachment: relationship in which infants turn away from their mothers when they are reunited following a brief separation. 39. axon: tube-like structure that emerges from the cell body and transmits information to other neurons. 40. babbling: speech-like sounds that consist vowel-consonant combinations. 41. basal metabolic rate: speed with which the body consumes calories. 42. basic cry: cry that starts softly and gradually becomes more intense often heard when babies are hungry or

Free Essays on Health Care

My essay will be on the topic of: Do you think the privatization of the Health care System is or will have a negative impact on the service you receive? To consider solving this growing debate one might want to turn to our neighbor to the north Canada. In Canada, health care financing, allocation, and delivery may be public, private, or a combination of both. In Canada there is a â€Å"single tier† health care system with access for everyone irrespective of ability to pay. The â€Å"privatization† of health care in many minds means an American system of health care which is a â€Å"two tier† system that offers better service for those who can pay and poorer or no service for those who cannot. Exactly what is â€Å"privatization†? That depends on which dimension of health care you look at (financing, allocation, delivery) Privatizing the financing of health services means shifting the burden of paying for health care from tax revenues to the private incomes of individuals through partial or complete payment for certain services. The privatization of allocation of health services involves using certain forms of market competition to determine what services are provided, who provides them, and at what costs. The privatization of delivery of health services means relying on individuals and organizations outside of government both non-profit and for profit to provide the services. The important question is not whether something is public or private, but rather how the arrangement of public or private financing, allocation, and delivery affects costs of care, access to care, accountability for care, and quality of care. The private/public balance in health care is particularly of concern to seniors, because they are more likely to need health care then any other group. The provisions of community-based services by private for-profit agencies are a cause for concern. Under the Reagan Administration, a review of the privatization of public ag... Free Essays on Health Care Free Essays on Health Care My essay will be on the topic of: Do you think the privatization of the Health care System is or will have a negative impact on the service you receive? To consider solving this growing debate one might want to turn to our neighbor to the north Canada. In Canada, health care financing, allocation, and delivery may be public, private, or a combination of both. In Canada there is a â€Å"single tier† health care system with access for everyone irrespective of ability to pay. The â€Å"privatization† of health care in many minds means an American system of health care which is a â€Å"two tier† system that offers better service for those who can pay and poorer or no service for those who cannot. Exactly what is â€Å"privatization†? That depends on which dimension of health care you look at (financing, allocation, delivery) Privatizing the financing of health services means shifting the burden of paying for health care from tax revenues to the private incomes of individuals through partial or complete payment for certain services. The privatization of allocation of health services involves using certain forms of market competition to determine what services are provided, who provides them, and at what costs. The privatization of delivery of health services means relying on individuals and organizations outside of government both non-profit and for profit to provide the services. The important question is not whether something is public or private, but rather how the arrangement of public or private financing, allocation, and delivery affects costs of care, access to care, accountability for care, and quality of care. The private/public balance in health care is particularly of concern to seniors, because they are more likely to need health care then any other group. The provisions of community-based services by private for-profit agencies are a cause for concern. Under the Reagan Administration, a review of the privatization of public ag... Free Essays on Health Care Managed Health Care Of the approximately 257.8 million individuals currently living in the United States of America, every one of them has a need for effective, affordable and accessible health care coverage and services. Within the past thirty to forty years, the scope and cost of health care coverage and services has drastically changed, altering the manner in which health care was previously managed. There are several factors that have affected the cost of health care coverage over the course of the past two to three decades. One of these factors is the introduction and rapidly increasing enrollment in managed health care insurance plans. Managed care health insurance plans can, in most cases, help to alleviate the rising costs of effective medical coverage. Another important factor that has affected health care costs is the invention and implementation of new medical technologies. As prominent researchers and economic analysts have discovered, there is a distinct and direct correlat! ion between advancing medical technologies and rising health care costs. Medical innovation has been proven time and again to be an important determinant of health care cost growth. It would appear that managed care health insurance plans, which attempt to lower health care costs, and highly expensive new medical innovations and procedures are at cross purposes, pulling against one another in very different directions. Market-level comparisons have found the cost growth of health care in markets with greater managed care penetration to be generally slower than that of non-managed care health insurance markets. However, managed care is unlikely to prevent the share of gross domestic product spent on health care from rising unless the cost-increasing nature of new medical technologies changes. Managed care health insurance plans differ greatly from indemnity fee-for-service, or FFS, insurance plans. Since the early 1970's, r...

Atrial fibrillation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Atrial fibrillation - Essay Example Often characterized by atrial dilatation and the shortening of the atrial ERP, the presence of atrial fibrosis and its structural remodeling changes the normal electrical refractoriness and contractile function of the heart by making the intra-cardiac pressure increase (University of Toronto; Allessie, Boyden and Camm). Because of atrial dilatation, heart-related diseases like hypertension, vulvar heart disease, and congestive heart failure occurs. Individuals who are at risk of AF include those who are more than 65 years of age, individuals with myocardial infarction, and individuals who received cardiothoracic surgery (Allessie, Boyden and Camm). Hypertension, ischemic or non-ischemic heart diseases, and mitral or tricuspid valvular disorders, hyperthyroidism, and alcohol drinking are among the most common factors that could trigger AF whereas atrial septal, congenital heart failure, pulmonary embolism, COPD, myocarditis, and pericarditis are among the less common factors that could trigger AF (Mitchell). Aside from a rapid ventricular response or arrhythmias, patients with mild AF may experience dizziness, dyspnea, diaphoresis, fatigue, and palpitation whereas patients with severe AF may experience chest pain, pulmonary edema, or syncope (Dresing and Schweikert). Using surgical intervention, AV node radiofrequency ablation, control of rhythm using cardioversion or AF substrate ablation, treatments for AF focuses on thromboembolism prevention, rhythm control, and ventricular rate control (Mitchell). Likewise, it is possible to use antiarrhythmic medications such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor to prevent stress by lowering the atrial pressure when administered to patients (Dresing and Schweikert; University of Toronto). Aside from showing irregular R-R intervals, the ECG of patients with AF is characterized with irregular timing in fibrillatory waves of QRS aside from the absence of P waves (Mitchell). (See

Gravess Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 36

Gravess Disease - Essay Example This paper outlines that the patient is related to a family with a history on autoimmune diseases. There are many ways to treat Graves’s disease but in this case, Radioiodine has been found to be safe and efficient. It involves use of iodine radioactive isotopes to induce hypothyroidism which is easy and cheap to treat. The second case study showed that, endocrine glands that are likely to cause symptoms portrayed by the patient are adrenal glands, kidney, liver, or ovaries. There are also a number of hormones involved: the first one is androgen that is responsible for growth of hair below the abdomen and on thighs, but at higher concentration cause growth in other body parts such as the face in this case. The second one is Cortisol hormone that control metabolism in the liver and muscle fats that led to fatigue and injury of capillaries walls which explain the abdominal pains. The other involved hormones are aldosterone and steroid hormones. Adrenal diseases are associated wi th adrenal gland problems which may be either primary or secondary. The main different on the two is the impact on the body functions. A primary gland problem exists when only the gland is affected while a Secondary gland problem affect other body organs such as the liver or the heart. Alterations of these hormones are mostly caused by adrenal insufficiency or high blood pressure. As the discussion declares the patient in the third case study could be diagnosed with hyponatremia characterized by the low serum sodium, unconsciousness, and muscle weakness. Low sodium test would be caused by atrial tension from increase of pressure on central nerve stimulating production of atrial natriuretic peptide which hinders reabsorption of Na+ back into the blood stream. However, normality in potassium levels, Cl- levels and HCO3 levels on lab results shows that the patient was undiagnosed for some years.

Wealth Maximization and the NPV Method

Wealth Maximization and the NPV Method It has long been an accepted perception that the objective of management is the maximization of shareholder wealth. As we know the corporate objective of a firm is to maximization share holders wealth in order to achieve this corporate goal there is a problem arising called agency problem. The corporate firms are managed by professional managers these managers do not own a 100% share so managers may not work to wards the best of firms goal of maximizing shareholders wealth because of the conflicting interests, in this assignment we will examine the firms corporate goal. The this study contends that it is to evaluate the usefulness of Net Present Value but also taking to the account the effect of agency problem inside the company. 2. Introduction Owners are primarily interested in the wealth creation ability of an entity, and they typically monitor their investments by the valuating of the investments financial return. Shareholders tend to prefer that all long-term corporate decisions to be evaluated based on the investments contribution to the maximization of shareholder wealth. Dean (1994) suggests that the primary objective of the modern corporation should be to maximize the present worth at the companys cost of capital of the future stream of benefits to the stockholder. All other objectives should be either intermediate or subsidiary to this overriding companys financial objective Question1 3.0. Shareholders Wealth Maximization Concept The maximization of shareholders wealth is a significant objective of management. According to Dr.R.Srinivasan,(2010)Any action which results wealth or which has a net present value is a preferable one and should be undertaken. The wealth of the company is based on the maximization of the present value of the entity. i.e., the present worth of the entity, This wealth may be measured if the organization has shares that are traded by the public, this because the market price of the share is indicative of the value of the organization. And to a shareholder, the word wealth is based upon the amount of shareholders current dividends and the market price of share. Ezra Solomon has described a wealth maximization goal in these terms: The gross present worth of a course of action is equal to the capitalized value of the flow of future expected benefits, discounted (or capitalized) at a rate which reflects the uncertainty or certainty. Wealth or net present worth is the difference between gross present worth and the amount of capital investment required to achieve the benefits. On the other hand a public sector company which its equity stock is fully owned by the government, and also not traded in stock market? In such companies, the objective of management should be to maximize the present value of the stream of equity returns. Of course in determining the present value of stream of equity returns, and must use the most appropriate discount rate. A same observation may be made with regarding to other entities which their equity shares are either not traded or very rarely traded. In the above definition, one thing is for sure that the wealth maximization is a long-term strategy that emphasizes raising the net present value of the owners investment in a company and the implementation of this objective that will appraise the market value of the companys securities. This concept, if applied, meets the briars raised against the old concept of profit maximization. The manager also faces with the uncertainty problems by considering the trade-off between the different returns and their associated levels of risks. It also considers the dividends payment to shareholders. All these components of the wealth maximization goal are the outcome of the investment, financing and dividend decisions of the company. Question2 4.0. The Agency Problem Theory Agency problems exist in large companies because of the conflicting of interests which sometimes arise between shareholders and managements. In most large organizations, managers only own a small percentage of the stock. They may consider by placing their own interests above those of the shareholders. For example, the managers may multiple their personal wealth by doubling their salaries, bonuses, or option grants as high as possible and by increasing their perquisites including luxurious offices, corporate jets, generous retirement plans, and the like at the expense of outside shareholders. Shareholders may take actions through their companys managers that affect the riskiness of the company like investing in more risky assets. Increasing a companys riskiness can negatively affect the safety of its debt. A potential agency conflict comes whenever the manager of a company owns less than 100 percent of the companys common stock. If a company is a sole proprietorship company and managed by its owner, the owner-manager will always consider maximizing his or her own wealth. The owner-manager will carefully control cost by individual wealth, but may trade off other considerations, such as perquisites and leisure, against individual wealth. If the owner-manager forgoes a portion of his or her ownership by selling some of the entitys stock to external investors, a potential conflict of interest may arise, called an agency problem. E.g. the owner-manager may prefer a more leisurely lifestyle and not work as to maximize shareholder wealth, because less of the wealth will now accrue to the owner-manager. In addition, the owner-manager may decide to consume more perquisites, because some of the cost of the consumption of benefits will now be borne by the external shareholders. As defined by Robert T. Kleiman. Agency theory raises a fundamental problem in company, self-interested behavior. A corporations managers may have their own personal objectives that challenges with the owners objective of maximization of shareholder wealth. Although the shareholders recognize managers to manage the companys assets, a potential conflict of interest may exist between these two groups. According to Jensen/Meckling (1976) an agency relationship exists when one or more persons (the shareholders or the principles) negotiate another person (the agent) to do some service on their behalf which involves delegation of some authority to make decision. If both parties maximize their own utility there is good proof to consider that the management (agent) will not always act in the best interest of the shareholders (principal). As a result the principal will try to limit the divergence from his interests by monitoring the agent. The dilemma is, that the cost of monitoring the agents actions (monitoring expenditures) can be significant and can in fact exceed the loss due to the agency relationship. The principal will therefore try to establish incentives for the agent in a contract so that the agents actions are in the interest of the principal without costly monitoring. Additionally there will be situations where it will pay for the agent to expend resources on actions to guar antee that he will act in the sense of the principal (bonding expenditures) or to ensure that the principal will be compensated in such cases. As a result it is impossible for the principal and the agent to ensure at zero cost that the agent will make optimal decisions from the viewpoint of the principal. Given the complex structure of agency relationships these costs will be pecuniary and no pecuniary as well. In general, the principal and the agent will have positive monitoring and bonding costs and there will still be some divergence between the agents decisions, subject to the optimal monitoring and bonding activities, and those decisions that would maximize the welfare of the principal. The value (in money terms) of this divergence is often referred to as the residual loss. According to Jensen/Meckling (1976) agency costs could therefore be defined as the amount of: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The evaluating expenditures by the principal, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The bonding expenditures by the management and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The residual loss 5.0. NPV Method of Investment Appraisal The net present value (NPV) is described very fully both in principle and application and in how the decision rules are derived. Different sets of circumstances are introduced to show how the NPV approach can cope with the situations met in an imperfect world, (e.g. taxation, inflation, different interest rates, repeat investments, mutually exclusive investments, capital rationing). As clarified by Averkampt H. (d.t) who defined NPV as the acronym for net present value. Net present value is a computation that differentiates the amount invested today to the present value of the future cash receipts from the investment. In other words, the amount invested is compared to the future cash amounts after they are discounted by a specified rate of return. 5.1. Advantages and disadvantages of NPV method The NPV method has pros and cons I mean negative and positive sides. First, the NPV method makes more appropriate adjustments for the time value of money. Second, the NPV rule focuses on cash flow, not accounting earnings. Third, the decision rule to invest when NPVs are positive and to refrain when from investing when NPVs are negative reflects the firms need to compete for funds in the marketplace rather than an arbitrary judgment. Fourth, the NPV approach offers a relatively straight forward way to control for differences in risk among alternative investments. Cash flows on riskier investments should be discounted at higher at higher rates. Fifth, the NPV method incorporates all the cash flows that a project generates over its life, not just those that occur in the projects early years. Sixth, the NPV gives a direct estimate of the change in shareholder wealth resulting from a given investment. Although we are enthusiastic supporters of the NPV approach, especially when compared with the other decision methods, we must acknowledge that the NPV suffers from a few weaknesses. Relative to alternative capital budgeting tools, the NPV rule seems less intuitive to many users. 5.2. Recommendations Finally, at the starting of an NPV analysis it is very significant to identify the objective of the project. If the goal is to reduce the costs of operations and also prices. As to enhance the organizations revenues, the forecasted increase in revenues needs to be evaluated and included as a positive cash flow in the computation. But if the objective in mind is to survival then a negative NPV might be reasonable if the negative financial impact of the investment is influenced by the potential financial losses that may be related with the ignored project. In some cases, the analysis led to the conclusion that mobilizing the capital required implementing the core lab project is in keeping with a strategy to maximize potential returns. The NPV method evaluates the present value of the future cash flows that a project will have. A positive NPV is that the investment should appreciate the value of the company and also promote to maximizing shareholder wealth. A positive NPV project gives a return that is more than enough to compensate for the required return on the investment. Thus, using NPV as a guideline for capital investment decisions is consistent with the goal of creating wealth. Moreover the NPV of the future benefits is the difference between net present value of the benefits and the investment required to achieve those benefits. A financial action resulting negative NPV should be rejected, because this will not generate a wealth to the shareholders. Therefore the organization should take a course of financial action e.g. invest in a project where there is a increase in the wealth of the firm or a project which have a positive NPV. 6.0. Conclusion The efficiency of management is assessed by the success in achieving the companys objective. The shareholder wealth maximization objective as defined that management should work towards maximizing the net present value of the expected future cash flows to the shareholders of the company. Net present value is the discounted sum of the expected net cash flows. Some of the cash flows, such as capital outlays, are cash outflows, while some, such as cash generated from sales, are cash inflows. Net cash flows are obtained the different between cash outflows and cash inflows. The discount rate considers the time framework and risk of the future cash flows that are available from an investment. The longer it takes to receive a cash flow, the lower the value investors wants to put on that cash flow now. The greater the risk associated with receiving a future cash flow, the lower the value investors place on that cash flow.

The Important of Saving Money

Nowadays, money is important to us in our life. Without money, many thing will not success and we will get many problem and tough in our life. Every people think that money is important for them, all of us work hard to hope can get more and more money. The money is wont enough in our daily life. We should save the money that we have but not use all of it. If we have sick, we should need money to but medicine or see doctor. If we do not have money, we will can't get a treatment and we will get die or else.In this essay, this essay will discuss about the important of saving money. First and foremost, saving money can help us to get money when we need money urgently. For example, when our family need money to have some medical treatment, we can take out our money to help them for their medical treatment. So, we do not need to borrow money from anywhere from people, we can use the money that we save to solve the problem. In addition, we should save money for our future. When we need to m arry, we should need a lot money.If we do not have money, no girl will like to marry us. So, we should need to save money. After we marry, we will need to buy car and house. If we have save money, we would have money to buy it. So, we will not be troublesome when we need to buy. After we marry, we would have our children. We will need many money for our children. We need money for the milk, fees and many more. When they go study, we will need to pay for their fees, tuition and their books. So, saving money is important for our future. Furthermore, we save money can use to go for travel.After we had hardworking earn money and busy for the life everyday, we should have to relax ourselves such as travel. If we have save money every month, we will have money to go travel. We can bring our family to go for travel and make the relationship to be closer. So, we can know more about our family and can live happily. We can relax ourselves after our hard work. So, if we save money, we can go t ravel and relax ourselves. There is another benefit of saving money. Besides, saving money can let us do not use our parents' money.We are adult already, So, we must save money and do not take money from parents anymore. Although we are studying now, we can try not to take money from them. Not only like that, we can save some money as we can to buy some present for our parents when their birthday. They will feel very happy if they get present from us. So, saving money can help us to let them happy. In conclusion, saving money bring many benefit to us. So, we should save money to let us have moeny to use when we need. If everybody know to save money, then we can decrease the beggar too.

Restaurant Concept Statement Essay

Cowgirls Steakhouse will be fun, country style restaurant that serves southern comfort food. It will be located right in the heart of Austin, the capital of Texas. The goal of the restaurant is to make every guest experience a great and exciting one and to serve good quality food at an affordable price. It will be a great place for almost any occasion because we will accommodate big parties and provide excellent service while making the experience memorable. The atmosphere of Cowgirls Steakhouse is going to be inviting and invigorating. As you walk in to the lobby, the aroma of the steaks, smoked brisket, and barbequed ribs will fill your nose, along with the sweet smell of freshly baked biscuits and apple pie. We will have the best of the best country music playing throughout the place that makes you feel like you are at a rodeo about to saddle up. The hostess’ and the servers are going to be women that are dressed up in cowboy hats, button down long sleeve tops, blue jeans, belt buckles, and boots. Each of them are going to be ready show you a great time and provide you with professional and friendly customer service. Read more:  Essay About Restaurant Review   The walls of the restaurant will have great country dà ©cor including hung up horse saddles, ropes, horseshoes, cast iron skillets, framed pictures of country legends and cowgirls, neon light beer signs, etc. The floors will be covered with peanut shells, but it’s not trash, it’s decoration for the country folk! As you are lead into the dining room and seated in your booth or table with chairs, you will be given a big bucket of peanuts for a small, free starter. Don’t be shy! Go ahead and throw the peanut shells on the floor when you are done. Our house is your house. We will even put a southern touch on the beverages by serving all of the non-alcoholic drinks in Mason jars. When it comes to the alcohol, we will have many kinds of imported and domestic beers, creative and classic cocktails, and aromatic wines. If the bar is where you are headed, then we hope you enjoy the several plasma screen t.v’s we will have above the bar that are playing different sport’s games. Don’t miss the big game just because you wanted to eat some great food. Maybe you come with a hankering to party a bit more, well than head right on in to the second section of the  restaurant. This closed off space will consist of another full bar, bar stools and tables, and a small stage at the end where we will have great live country bands playing every Friday and Saturday night. We will have all the best things in one; great service, great music, and damn good southern comfort food. Although this is a steakhouse, amazing steaks are not the only thing we will be known for. When you think of southern country style food, you think brisket, ribs, fried chicken, and chili. Well that is exactly what we will offer. We are going to slow smoke our brisket overnight so when you take a bite it almost melts in your mouth. The natural smokey flavor couldn’t get any better. Our ribs with our brown sugar based dry rub is also going to be one of the highlights on the menu. The flavor and tenderness of them are out of this world.

Acceptance Rates for Ivy League Schools Class of 2020

All of the Ivy League schools have an acceptance rate of 14% or lower, and all admit students with exceptional academic and extracurricular records. In recent years, Cornell University has had the highest acceptance rate among the Ivies, and Harvard University has had the lowest admit rate. The table below presents the most recent acceptance rate data for the Ivy League schools. To see what kind of grades and standardized test scores youre likely to need to be admitted, click on the graph link in the right-hand column. Ivy League Acceptance Rates for Class of 2020 School Number ofApplications NumberAdmitted AcceptanceRate Source GPA-SAT-ACTData Brown University 32,390 2,919 9% News from Brown see graph Columbia University 36,292 2,193 6% Columbia Spectator see graph Cornell University 44,966 6,277 14% Cornell Chronicle see graph Dartmouth College 20,675 2,176 10.5% Dartmouth News see graph Harvard University 39,041 2,037 5.2% Harvard Magazine see graph Princeton University 29,303 1,894 6.5% News at Princeton see graph University of Pennsylvania 38,918 3,661 9.4% The Daily Pennsylvanian see graph Yale University 31,455 1,972 6.7% Yale News see graph Will You Get In?  Calculate your chances with this free tool from Cappex Why Are the Ivy League   Acceptance Rates So Low? Every year, the overall acceptance rates to the Ivy League get lower and lower even if individual schools may see slight increases from time to time. What drives this seemingly endless increase in selectivity? Here are a few factors: The Common Application: All of the Ivy League schools along with hundreds of other selective colleges and universities accept the Common Application. This makes it easier for students to apply to multiple schools for most information on the application (including the main application essay) needs to be created just once. That said, all of the Ivies do require multiple supplemental essays from their applicants so that it isnt an effortless   process to apply to multiple schools.The Prestige Arms Race: Every year, the Ivies are quick to publish their latest admissions data, and the headlines typically shout to the world that the school had the Largest Applicant Pool in School History or had the Most Selective Year in School History. And whether they admit it or not, the Ivies are always comparing themselves to each other. The schools have such strong name recognition that they really dont need to invest much money or effort in recruitment, but they do, in fact, recruit heavily. More applications means more selectivity which in turns means more prestige.International Applicants: A significant piece of the ever-decreasing admit rates is a steady increase in applications from abroad. While the population of U.S. high school seniors isnt growing significantly, that fact is offset by a steady increase in applications from abroad. The Ivies have powerful name recognition across the globe, and they also offer generous financial aid to deserving students from international students. Thousands of students from countries like China, India, and Korea apply to the Ivy League schools. Why Is It So Much Easier to Get Admitted to Cornell than Other Ivies? In many ways, its not. Cornell University often gets looked down upon by the other Ivies (and applicants to the Ivies) because its acceptance rate is always higher than the other universities. Acceptance rate, however, is just one piece of the selectivity equation. If you click on the GPA-SAT-ACT graphs above, youll see that Cornell admits students who are similarly strong to those who get into Harvard and Yale. It is true that if youre a straight-A student with lots of AP courses and a 1500 SAT score, youre more likely to get into Cornell than Harvard. Cornell is simply a much bigger university so it sends out a lot more acceptance letters. But if youre a B student with middling SAT scores, think again. Your changes of getting into Cornell are going to be extremely low. When Will Acceptance Rates for the Class of 2021 Be Available? The Ivy League schools are quick to publish results for the current admissions cycle as soon as admissions decisions have been delivered to applicants. Typically the latest numbers become available in the first day or two of April. Keep in mind that the acceptance rates announced in April often change slightly over time as colleges work with their waitlists in the spring and summer to make sure they meet their enrollment goals. A Final Word about Ivy League Acceptance Rates: Ill end with three pieces of advice related to the Ivies: You should always consider the Ivies reach schools. The acceptance rates are so low that thousands of exceptional students get rejected. Your eight AP classes, 4.0 unweighted GPA and 1580 SAT score are not a guarantee of admission (although it certainly helps!). Ever year, I encounter heart-broken students who falsely assumed they would get into at least one of the Ivies only to end up with a stack of rejections. Always apply to a few schools that are less selective even if youre an impressive student.There is nothing magical about the Ivies. Its disheartening when I meet students (and their parents) who have tied up their sense of self-worth with admission to an Ivy League school. There are hundreds of colleges and universities in the U.S. that will deliver an education that is as good or better than an Ivy League education, and there are plenty of non-Ivy League schools that do better in relation to student growth and professional success.The eight Ivies are not at all the same. Ev ery year youll see the national news headline of the kid who got into all eight Ivy League schools. This news always leaves me wondering why the heck someone would apply to all eight. A student who loves the bustle of a city might be happy at Yale, Brown, or Columbia, but would be miserable in the small town locations of Dartmouth and Cornell. A student interested in engineering would certainly find a top-notch program at Cornell, but there are many better engineering schools out there than many of the Ivies. A student looking for an undergraduate-focused education would be wise to avoid schools like Columbia and Harvard where graduate enrollments exceed undergraduate enrollments by 2 to 1.